This isn't everything I read in 2025 (and I didn't finish one or two), but it's a good sampling for this newsletter, and will serve here as a kind of summing up of a strange year.  Originally published December 22, 2025

Hold on, because this will be the longest, gnarliest newsletter of the last three.  We are always seeking to more clearly define the past by naming a specific date for a big event like the Fall of Rome.  But what if Rome never actually, completely fell?  Originally published May 27, 2025

In this second part of three on the decline and fall of Rome, based on a reading of the Penguin Classic The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Abridged Edition, by Edward Gibbon, ed. David Womersley, 764 pages), we're talking primitive Christianity and Gibbon's take on how the pagan Roman faith with its idolatrous statues and temples was eroded, attacked and at last brought down by the followers of Jesus. Originally published March 24, 2025

It's inauguration time, so this is part 1 of 3 and we'll be talking the fall of the Roman empire.  I know these pages are usually devoted to fiction and novelists, and the subject does sound pretty heavy.  But once you've read it, there won't be any way for you not to recommend the Penguin Classic The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Abridged Edition, by Edward Gibbon, ed. David Womersley, 764 pages) to everybody you know. Originally published January 24, 2025